This effectively reduces the compression stroke, but keeps the combustion and expansion process as normal enabling extraction of additional energy before the exhaust process, while increasing the expansion ratio to improve thermal efficiency with a tradeoff of reduction in brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) ( Branyon and Simpson, 2012 Wu et al., 2003). In practice, this difference in expansion ratio can be achieved through a compression stroke which includes a late or early closing of the intake valve. The Miller cycle is a modification of an over-expanded cycle which provides a higher expansion ratio than compression ratio, with the advantage of providing improved thermal efficiency compared to conventional internal combustion engine operating conditions ( Branyon and Simpson, 2012). Johnson, in Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies for Improved Environmental Performance, 2014 Miller cycle Internal combustion engine cycles and concepts
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